Spacecraft charging is an academic concept and research field investigating the accumulation of net electric charge on spacecraft surfaces and internal components resulting from complex interactions with the surrounding plasma, energetic particle fluxes, and radiation. This phenomenon is characterized by the development of surface and differential potentials that can significantly impact spacecraft operations, leading to electrostatic discharges, sensor anomalies, and potential hardware damage, thus representing a critical area of study in space physics and engineering for ensuring mission reliability and longevity.